Aeroplane camera



N. @EDERSEN AEROPLANE CAMERA Oct. 20, 1925. A

6 Sheets-Sheet 2 Frled Nov. 9, 1925 N. PEDEF i Oct. 20

AEROPLANE C AMERA fr Q 6 Sheets-Sneek Filed Nova Oct. 20, 1925.

AEROPLNE CAMERA Filed Nov. 9, 192.5

S Sheets-SheeL 4 Octi 2Ol 1925 6 Sheets-Skaai AEROPLANE CAMERA Filed Nev. 9I 1925 FJZ. if l Je -lff l( l Patented Oct. 20, 1925.

UNITED STATES 1,558,272 PATENT OFFICE.

NIELS PEDERSEN, OF PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA, ASSIGNOR, BY MESNE AS- SIGNMENTS, TO BROCK & WEYMOUTH, INCORPORATED, A CORPORATION OF DELA- AEROPLAN E CAMERA.

Application med November 9, 192s. serial no. 673,679.

.To all whom t may concern.:

Be it known that I, NIELs PEDERSEN, a citizen of the United States of America, and a resident of the city and county of Philadelphia, in the IState of Pennsylvania, have invented a certain new and useful Improvement in Aeroplane Cameras, of which the following is a trueand exact description, reference being had to the accompanying drawings, which form a part thereof.

My invention relates to the construction of cameras adapted for use with an aeroplane carrier and particularly to cameras provided with a magazine charged with a series of glass plates. The object of my invention is, in the first place, to so construct and combine the camera with the aeroplane that the camera can be swiveled about its axial line so as to hold the plates parallel to the actual line of flight of the aeroplane over the ground so that in taking a series of overlapping pictures, such as are needed in -making maps, pictures will be taken pro ressively approximately in the line 'of hght. Other o jects which I have in view are to provide )jor the progressive movement of the magazine in the Acamera so that it will suc-f cessivel present its contained plates to the focal plyane of the camera; to provide convenient mechanism for drawing the plates from the magazine into registry with the lens and returning them again to the magazine; to provide means for locking the magazine and plate shifting mechanism in fixed position when the late is in registry with the lens-'until the shutterhas been actuated and the picture taken. A further object y which I have in view .is to provide effective .glass plates to rest directly tures of my invention are also means for excluding light from the plates held in the magazine, and a quite important feature of my Ynew construction lies in the provision of plate handling frames which surround Vthe edges of the platesA without extending over them and this is for the double purpose of economizing vertical space in the magazine and of enablin the upon the evice it in the vfocal plane e`lens." Other feadisclosed in the drawings anddescribed n the specification and, reference beinghad to the drawprovided for supportin and in registry with t in fsigure 1 is a plan view of the camera showing the mode of supporting it upon the aeroplane, a portion of the lid which covers the magazine compartment being broken away to show the latching mechanism.

Figure 2 is a side elevation of the mechanism shown in Fig. 1.

Figure 3 is a. plan view of the camera taken -on the line 3 8 of Fig. 2, and showing the mechanism in place in its compartments.

Figure l is a sectional elevation on the line 4 4 of Fig. 3.

Figure 5 is a sectional elevation on the line 5-5 of Fig. 4.

Figure 6 is a plan view of the lid of the camera viewed from the undeiside.

Figure 7 is an enlarged plan view of a portion of the plate shifting carriage and its operating mechanism.

Figure 8 is aside elevation of the mechanism shown in Fig. 7.

Figure 9 is an enlarged view of a detail of the mecha-nism shown in Fig. 2.

Figure 10 is an isometric view of one of the plate holding frames.

Figure 11 is an isometric View of the sliding light excluding shutter used in connection with the magazine.

Y Figure 12 is a sectional elevation of the magazine taken as on the line 12-12 of Fig. 3, and

Figure 13 is a cross section taken. as on the line 13-13 of Fig 12.

A indicates the platform of the aeroplane on which the camera issupported. This platform is formed with a perforationindicated at A which registers with the lens opening of the camera and is also formed with a sight opening A2 from which the line of flight over the ground can be observed. Aa indicates the supports secured to the platform A and supporting guideways A, A, which are segments of a. circle. B is a platform rotatably secured in the guideways A, as shown, and from which extend upward the supporting standards B which in turn support the gimbal structure consisting of pivot pins B2 directly attached to the standards B and on which is pivota'lly supportedy the gimbal ring Bs which in turn suppprts, through pivot pins B4, B, a camera x C having an opening in its bottom surrounded by the cylindrical ring C in which,

` partment C v plates. These grooves forms no art of my invention. The camera box inclu es what I will call thelens chamber C2 and the magazine chamber or comin which are secured vertical guideways C, C, and C, C5. D is a lid portion which is secured to the top of the camera box over the lens chamber and to which is .hinged the cover portion D, the hinges being lndicated at D2 andthe cover portion D closing the top of the m azinc chamber. Ds is a thumb wheel secure on a shaft passing through the lid portion D and having secured to its lower end a cam indicated at D. Da is a slide finger having a beveled end D which is held against the cam D by the spring D7.

On each side of the top of the magazine chamber are pivot pins d on which are pivoted rock levers d and d. d3 indicates pivots secured to the hinged lid D and to which is pivotall secured the frame d, the ends d of whic rest in contact with the ends of the arms d. de is a beveled projection on the frame d, and d7 yindicates springs which tend to draw the frame d* upward. d and ds indicate spring boxes secured to the top of the hinged cover D', containing springs indicated at d which act against plun ers d which pass down through the lid dn `is a rotatable handle extending through the lid D and secured to a cam d on the underside of the lid; on the underside of the cam is a` bevel ro'ection d which contacts with the pro- ]ectlon dwhen the yhandle is rotated so as to press down the frame d. d isa latching bar having a lateral 'arm d carrying a cam contacting finger d. d,d", are aterally projectlng guide Vbars and d, d, latches secured to the bar d which, when thrust forward, engage under the locks indicated at d20 to lock the lid D in position. d", d", are springs acting to retract the bar d, and d, d, are springs secured to the lid D and contacting with the ledges indicated at d, when the lid is closed down.

E indicates the plate magazine having a handle E which is normally' held folded down a ainst the top of the magazine and guide w eels E, E2, etc. which contact with the guides C* and C, to hold the magazine .in proper position in the chamber C while permitting it to move vertically in said chamber. E, E, are racks secured to the Sides of the magazine and Ef, ctc. are ledges formed on the sides of the magazine upon which rest a series ofglass plates and the plate handling frames fitting around the Y extend rom the open ront end of the magazine, as shown in Fig. 12. E indicates vertical grooves formed near the front end of the magazine, open-` ing at the top and bottom into boxes E, E, secured to the ma azine, as shown in Fig. 12, having openingsv for the passage of light Luaava excluding plates and light excluding packing, as indicated at E'. F is a light excluding p jlate which is inserted into thc grooves 5 vthrough the light excludin packing which closes the front of the ma azine after it is charged with plates and fore it is inserted in its compartment in the camera. This plate is provided lwith a stiff rib F on its top, the ends of which extend beyond the edges of the plate, as indicated at F2, F2, see Fig. 11, and the bottomedge of the plate indicated at Ff" is rabbetedl to fit against the rabbetedtop of the stationary light excluding plate f, the top edge of this plate being indicated at and the bottom of the plate f being secured to the vbott-om of the compartment C. The projecting ends F2 extend over the ends b2 of the levers d', d', as indicated in- Fig. 4, when the magazine is inserted in the compartment C: y

Secured to each side of the com artment C are journal pins, indicated at which sup ort cog wheels G', placed to engage the rac s Ea on the sides of the magazine, ,and ratchet wheelsy G. Also secured on each side of the chamber Cs are bearing pins H on which are pivoted detent pawls H havin upwardly extending arms H formed as in icated in Fig. 4, to which arms are attached the springs Hs which holdthe pawls in contact with the ratchet. I, I, are reciprocating bars slotted as indicated at I and supported on pins I, the left hand end .of the bar I supportin a pivot pin I on which is ivoted a' awl ly exten ing arm from the top of which extends the arm'J, J indicating a. spring which holds the pawl in contact wit the ratchet. Secured on the sides of the chamber Ca are pivot pins K on which are pivoted the levers indicated at K', arm K2 carrying a pivot pin K and a stop pin indicated at K. The upper arm K has Es at the top of the magazine and K', the lever attached to it the s ring K which normally holds it against t e stop pin indicated at K. Pivoted on the pin K is the linger L having a heell extension L', L2 indicating a spring attached'to the finger L which tends to rotate it so as to bring the heel extension into contact with the pin K. Pivotally attached to the top of thelever arm K is a link M, the upper end of which is pivoted to the end of a crank arm M which in turn is `attached to the cam indicated at M pivoted on the, in

The idellbars I are pivoted at I to the lower arms N2 of rock levers N', N, pivot on stud bearings N secured to the side of the chamber C2 and carrying cam rollers Ns at their tops which lie in the side grooves of the cam discs O, these discs being secured to a shaft O, to the outer end of which, on the outside of the camera box, is secured Haat: A,

the gear wheel O. This gear is in engagement with the gear O which is actuated y the crank handle indicated at O. O, O,l are also cam dises secured to the shaft O, as is also the face groove cam indicated at O, see Fig. 5.

P, P, are bars havingvcam rolls P which are engaged by the grooves of the cam discs O5. These bars are supported by the links P2 pivoted on the. pins Pa and, by the pivot pins P6, attached to the levers P", pivotallyr supported on the pins P5 and having forked ends, as indicated at P7.

Q is a carriage, to the Vends of which are attached the guide wheels Q which rest upon the guideways C, C, and are held in position by the upper guideways C7, C7. The bearings of the right hand guide wheels Q are extended, as indicated at Q2., and are engaged by the forked ends P7 on the levers P". Supported on pins Q3, secured on the under side of the carmae Q, are the lever arms Q4 having pins 5 extending from their ends and the lever arms Qa to which are pivotally attached the bars Q7, the ends 7 of which rest in contact with the cam S' having four recesses g8 symmetrically disposed. The cam is secured to a rotatable shaft Q to the u per end of which is secured a ratchet wheel 1, the fingers of which, as the carriage reciprocates, come alternately into contact with the stop fingers g1,see Fig. 3, and with stop lingers 11, pivotally supported 0n the plates Q12.

R is an aperture plate secured to the side walls of the compartment C2, formed with shoulders R, R', which serve as guides to the plate handling frames when they are drawn over the aperture plate and provided with hardened pins R2 of which there should be four, the tops being finely adjusted to the focal plane of the lens, and on which the glass plates are supported when in registry with the lens. R3, see' Fig. 10, indicates one of the plate handling frames which are preferably made of steel and which surround and fit reasonably close yto the sides of the glass plates. The side walls R4 of this frame fit fairly closely between the shoulders R of the aperture plate when they are drawn on to this plate and the front bar 4R5 is formed with `angle slots, as indicated at R, with whiehthe ins Q"5 and the lever arms Q* engage, as sliown in Fi 10. The vertical height of the walls o the plate handling frame are preferably somewhat less in height than the thickness of the glass plates and no portion of the frame extends over either below or above the plate edges, that is, the plates are in nowisc gripped by the frames.

S is a rock shaft carrying a lever S atits upper end which is engaged in the groove of the cam O, To the lower end of the shaft S is secured the lever- S2 which, by

means of a fork S3, engages a pin S-6 en the arm S5 of a pivoted lever S", S7, pivoted on the pin S4 and engaging, as indicated at SS, a shutter setting lever connected with shutter mechanism which is not shown in the drawings as it forms ne part of my inven- `tion and which maybe of any convenient and well known kind.' T indicates a shutter releasing pin actuated by anV arm T pivoted at T2 and having the lever arm T3 normally drawn toward the right bythe spring T4 and contacting with the rod T5 which eX- tends through the wall of the camera, as shown in Figs. l and f3.

Secured to the gear wheel O2 is a projecting linger U which in one position, as indi cated in Figs. 2 and 9, is engaged by the hook U pivoted at U2 and connected with the lever arm U3 which is normally drawn toward the right by the spring U4y and lies in contact with the push pin indicated at U5 V and V are magnets, the armature plates V2 and V8 of which extend respectively over the push' pins T5 and U5, as shown in Fig. l. The magnets are located in a. circuit indicated at V, Fig. l, V5 indicating a battery and Vi al switch by which the circuit is closed.

W is al plate secured to the side ot' the camera an formed with a sight slot W which lies above the opening A2 in the door of the aeroplane and affords a convenient way for observing the line of flight over the groundo In operation the magazine is charged with glassA plates and with the plate handling frames surrounding the plates and the slide F is inserted in the grooves E to protect the interior of the magazine andthe plates oontained in it from Zlight. The Vhinged lid D is thrown open and the charged magazine lowered into the camera compartment G3, its guiding wheels E2 contacting with the guides C", C5. As the magazine moves downward the ends e3 of the rack bars E3 come in Contact with the fingers L which, when the chamber C3 is empty, are drawn down to a horizontal position by the springs L2 and held there by the contact of the heels L. with the pins K4 on the lever arm K2. Further downward motion ot the magazine turns the lever arms K2, K in a clockwise direction around the pivot li'. and turns the link M toward the right, turning the crank arm M so as to rotate the cam M2 through an arc of about 90, the arms of the cam acting on the arm J2 turns the lever arm J toward the left. and lifts the pawl .l out of contact with the ratchet G2. The cam M2 also pressing down on the heel extension H2 rotates the pivot H and the detent pawl H to lift this pawl also out ot' contact with the ratchet so that the cog wheel Gr can rotate freely while the magazine is being ressed down to the bottom of the chamber S3. As soon as the handle du.

bev/el projection d into opera.-

the magazine is passed below the fin er L the action of the s rings K", H3 and will turn the parts an pawls to active position.

As the magazine passes downward in the chamber C3 the stationary light excluding plate f passes through the slot E7, the light excluding packing La and into the slotsiE, contacting with the 4edge Fof theplate F so that this plate remains stationary with its lower edge .approximately in thel focal plane of the camera.

After the magazine has been fully inserted in the compartment C3 the lid D is closed down and locked 'in place byrotating The rotation of this handle brings the tive contact with the bevel projection d on the frame d4, pressing this frame downward so that its lugs d5 press downward the lever arm d and turn upward lthe lever arm d2 which, as they move upward, contact with the projecting lugs F2 of the plate F and draw them upward, as indicated in Fig. 4, so as to leave between the bottom of the plate F and the top 'of the plate f a slot through which lates held in the magazine in registry wit the slot can freely pass. The plate F is again moved downward to close the slot when the handle d is rtated to unlock the cover D', this downward motion being effected by the action of the spring actuated plungers dw which rests on the top edge F of the plate F and presses it downward as soon as the levers (l2 permit it to move downward.

that the plate F shall Tol further insure fully close the magazine before it is withdrawn from the compartment C I provide the locking slide D5`which is thrust over the top F of the plate F b the rotation of the cam D* so as to hold t e plate in fixed position while the magazine is being drawn lout of its compartment by hand Of course, this locking slide Ds must be withdrawn before the ymagazine can be actually lifted from this compartment.

After the magazine has been inserted in this compartment and the actuating and holding pawls permitted to reengage with the ratchet G2 a step by step lifting of the magazine to brin its contained plates successively into registry with the slot between the light excluding plates is effected by the cams O, O, rotated by means of the.crank O and the gears O', O2, and acting through the levers N', N2, and theconnecting rod I, to the ivot pin Is at the end of which the actuating awl J is attached. By this pawl the ratc et is enga ed and rotated in a clockwise direction,t e detent pawl Hf holding the ratchet and the cog rotating with it in correct position while the plates are being withdrawn and returned to the magazine.

The mechanismv for handling the plates is actuated. by the cams O 'attached to the shaft O and connecting through the mechanism described and i ustrated in Fi 4, with the carriage Q, the wheels Q of w ich are giilided between the guideways C and C. As t fs carriage moves backward and forward across the chamber C of the .camera the-ratchet or finger wheel Qo contacts al ternately with the stop fingres q and the stop fingers Qn giv' a step by ste rotation to the vertical aft Q and t e cam Q8, which cam has four cam detents q s mmetrially disrpsed around its surface w ile the ratchet w eel has eight fingers. The stop qu is set so that on contactin with a tooth or finger of the fin r whee it will givea rotation of to t e cam while the stop Q11 contacting with the same finger on the outward stroke of the carriria'ge will give the cam a rotation of'30.- e cam Q acts upon of the slide bars Q' which in turn act upon the levers Q", Q, the lever arms Q* turned and held inward when the cam contacting ends y" rest on the higher surface of the cam Qa and being rmitted to assume the positions shown 1n 'gs 7 and 3 when the cam contacting ends engage in the detents g.

Assuinin the parts to be in the position shownin igl.1 3 with the levers Q in engagement wi the slots in the frame R the carriage will as it .moves outward draw the frame and enclosed plate out over the aperture late, the frame lying between the shoul ers R"'and the plate resting on the pins'R2 in the focal. plane of the lens. After exposure the carriage moves back t'o return the plate to the magazine and the finger Q engages a finger of the finger wheel and gives a rotatonto the cam Q which causes the contact ends of slide Q1 to ride up and rest upon the higher portion of the cam and retracts the lever arms Q to a osition inwliich. their ins register with t e mouths of the slots gt. As the carriage completes its backward stroke the finger q contacts with the next succeeding tooth of the finger wheel and gives the cam a 15 rotationwhich leaves the contact ends 0f rods Qr still on the high portion of the cam so that the levers Q do not engage in the slots of the plate frame as the carra e again moves away from the magazine an as the carriage, completing an outward stroke, is reversed the finger Q1" engaging the finger which has been moved through an are of 15 the cam contacting ends g",

b finger g and moves it through an arc o 30 at the end of which movement the contact ends of rods Q are upon the high portion of the cam and at an angular distance of 15 from the next detent q so that as the carriage cometes its movement the pins Q enter slots 2 and as the stop contacts with the next tooth moving t e cam through the 15 arc the levers Q* are thrown 1out ,wem

Q and the plate R' engaged by the pms The shutter which cutsoff light from the lens is set b thecam acting through the lever arm rockshaft S and the mechanism actuated arm S.

cams O, as shown in Fig. 4, is such as to effect a limit stop to the motion of the shaft in eitherdirection and it will also be seen that the Astop finger U attached to the gear O2 will, when it reaches'the position shown in Fi 2 and 9, lock this gear and the connecte shaft against rotation in a returndirection. The mechanism is thus locked after a plate has been brought into o erative p0- sition'with regard to the lens o the camera and all the movable parts actuated throu h the lshaft Os are held stationary until t e circuit V is-closed by means of the switch V, .with the result that the two magnets V and V are energized and the armature plates Vfand V respectively, contact with ythe shutter releasing rod T" and the latch releasing rod V, see Fig. 1. The crank O can then be turned in a reverse direction for two revolutions and then can return.

It will be understood that theV i looking down through the opening A2 1n the door of the aeroplane can always see ythe direction in which the aeroplane is moving over the ground, being 'assisted in this operation by the slotted plate W, and by turning `the camera and lts plate B in the circular guide A* he canmaintain the camera in close alignment with the direction in magazine vertically movable which' the aeroplane is actually travelling so that the successive photo raphs will lap end to end without angular isplacement to an objectionable extent.

Havin now described my invention,

l what I c aim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is: Y y

1. Ina camerafor aerial photography a compartment for a plate magazine, a plate partment and formed with lateralledges to support a series of plates, means for moving the magazine vertically in its compartment to br' the series of plates successively to approxlmately the focal plane ofthe camera, means for supporting theaplates in the focal plane of the camera and means for shifting the plates vfrom the magazine to the plate supporting means and returning them tothe A magazine after e osure. or aerial photography a compartment for a plate magazine, a plate magazine vertically movable inV said compartment and formed with lateral ledges to support a series of plates, means for moving the magazine vertically upward in its compartment to bring the series of plates successively to approximately the focal plane of 2. In a camera by this shaft through this y It win be noticed that the' shape of the operator fr the camera, in the focal for shifting means for supporting the plates plane of the camera and means the plates from the magazine to the plate supporting means and returning them to the magazine 'after exposure.

3. In a camera for aerial photo aphy a compartmentrfor a-plate magazine aving a fixed light excluding plate extending upward from its bottom and located 'to enter a vertical opening in the magazine, the u per edge of said plate approximating the ocal plane of the camera, a plate magazine vertically movable in said compartment and vformed with lateral ries of plates, and with avertical opening to receive the light excluding plates, a light excluding plate slide vertically movable in said opening and adapted to contact with the top edge of the fixed plate as the magazine is inserted in its compartment, means for lifting the slide to' give passage to plates lying approximately in the ,focal plane, means for moving the magazine vertically upward in its compartment to bring the series of plates successively'to approximately the focal plane of the camera, means for supporting the plates inthe focal plane of the camera and means for shifting the'plates om the magazine to the plate supporting means and returning them to the magazine after exposure. y

In a camera for aerial photography a compartment for a plate magazine, having a fixed light excluding plate extending upward from its bottom and located to enter a vertical opening in the magazine, the upper edge of-said plate approximating the focal plane of the camera, a plate magazine vertically'movable in said compartment and formed with lateral-ledges to support a series of plates and WithV a vertical opening to receive the light excluding plates, a light excludingplate slide vertically movable in ledges to support a sesaid openlng and adapted to contactv with i the top edge of the zine is inserted in for lifting the slide fixed plate as the magaits compartment, means to give passage to plates lying approximately in the focal plane,

the camera and means for shifting the plates from the magazine to the plate supporting means and returning them to the magazine after e osure.

5. In a camera aving the constructive features of claim 1, plate handling frames to surround the plates without overlapping the top or bottom thereof.

6. In a camera havinghv the constructive features of claim l, and utter setting and releasing mechanism.l a latch for locking the magazine, movin and plate shifting mechanism operative w en a plate is brought into registry with the lens and means for releasadapted in said latch o erating simultaneously with the shutter re ease. I

7. In a camera for aerial photograph a plates from the magazine to the plate sup? portin means and returning them to t e y magazine after exposure.

ythe ower plate,

8. In a camera for aerial photography having a com artment for a plate magazine and a hinge the combination therewith 4of a magazine vertically movable inv said compartment and having lateral ledges to support a series of lates, an openfront facing the lens chamer of the camera and vertical slots for light excluding plates sli htly in the Arear of its open front, a fixed light excluding plate extending upward from the bottom of the magazine chamber into the vertical slots of the magazine with its top edge approximating the focal plane of the camera, a second light excluding plate slide extending downward throu h the vertical slots, the bottom edge of wliich contacts with the top edge of the fixed plate while the magazine is lowered into its compartment, means for locking the lid of the magazine compartment in closed position, means actuated by said locking means whereby the upper plate slide is moved upward to form a slot for the assage of plates above the top edge of means operative as the lid is unlatched for forcing the top slide plate down into contact with the fixed plateand means for shifting the magazine, vertically to bring the series of plates successively into registry with the slot between the plates.

' 9. In a camera yfor aerial photography havin a compartment for a plate magazine and a in ged cover for said compartment the combination therewith of a magazine vercover for said compartment,

tically movable in said compartment' and having lateral ledges lates, an open front facing the lens chamr of the camera and vertical slots for light excluding plates sli htly in the rear of its open front, a fixe light excluding plate extending upward from the bottom of the magazine chamber into the vertical slots of the magazine with its upper edge approximating the focal plane of the camera, a second light excluding plate slide extending downward through the vertical slots, the bottom edge of which contacts with the top edge of the fixed plate while the magazine is lowered into its compartment, means for locking the lid of the magazine compartment in closed position, means actuated by said locking means whereby the upper plate slide is moved upward to form a slot for the passage of plates above the top edge of the lower plate, means operative as the li'd is unlatched for forcing the top slide plate down into contact with the fixed plate, means for holding the top plate slide in fixed position while the magazine is being lifted from itsy chamber until it fully closes the front of the magazine and means for shifting the magazine vertically to bring the series of plates successively into registry with the slot between the plates.

10. In a camera for aerial photography having a compartment for a plate magazine and vertical guideways for the magazine, the combination therewith of afrack `engaging pinion, pawl and ratchet mechanism for actuating Asaid temporarily disengaging ratchet wheel located in the path of a descending magazine, and av plate magazine having a rack which engages the pinion as it is lowered into its compartment and means for actuating the pawl disengaging mechanism so that the pinion can rotate freely as the magazine passes downward;

l1. In a camera for aerial photography having a vertically movable plate magazine whereby the plates are brought successively to approximately the focal plane of the camera, the combination therewith of plate frames having angular grooves on their front edges, a reciprocating carriage, fingers pivoted on said carriage for engaging the grooves of the plate frames and means for actuating said fingers to engage and release `the. plate frames operating in timed relation tothe movements of the carriage.

NIELs PEDERSEN.

the pawls from the pinion, means for to support a series of eo 

